African Americans in American Films Essay

African Americans in American Films Introduction                   Following the violent racism prevalent at the beginning of the turn of the twentieth century, African American cultural elites, struggling to articulate a positive identity for the black, developed a middle-class ideology of racial uplift. Insisting that they were truly the representative of the race’s potential, black elites espoused an ethos of service and self-help to the black masses and distinguished themselves from the black majority as the agents of civilization; hence they referred to it as the ‘uplifting the race.’ A central assumption of racial uplift ideology was that African Americans’ moral progress and material would diminish the white racism.                   The ‘uplift’ of the black community referred to the struggle of African Americans living in the 19th and early 20th century to forge and maintain positive identity in the U.S. society that reduced their existence to that singularly alienating phrase â€Å"the Negro problem.† This is very demining and that’s why they had to fight. What historians refer to as racial uplift ideology describes a prominent response of black middle-class spokespersons, leaders and activists to the crisis marked by the assault on the political and civil rights of African Americans primarily in the united states’ South from roughly the 1880s to 1914. A generation earlier, the end of slavery and emancipation had fueled African Americans’ optimistic pursuit of education, economic independence and full citizenship, all crucial markers of freedom.                   Advocates of African American political and civil rights fought a lonely and tough struggle with few allies in a national climate of anti-black racism. White southern politicians and elite opinion leaders defended white supremacy and proclaimed the mental, moral and physical depravity and inferiority of blacks from the pulpit, press and university. The consensus was that blacks were unfit for citizenship of the U.S., and that neo- slavery, or the plantation slavery of menial labor and sharecropping, was the natural state of black people and that is where they belong. Guided by southern apologists for lynching, many whites, regardless of education or income, viewed the aspirations of black men and women through the warped lens of crude racial and sexual stereotypes that accused all blacks of immorality and criminality.                   Given the occurrence of such frightening representations of shades of black, Africa America management and community spokespersons, a growing, but portion of the whole Africa America population, were under constant pressure to defend the picture and honor of dark men and ladies. Black management in the North were much freer to engage in governmental demonstration and condemn national oppression in stronger conditions than those management in the southern part of, where governmental outspokenness could outcome in lynching or permanent exile. Obviously, then, dark management differed on strategies for dealing with â€Å"the Negro issue.† So-called â€Å"radicals† endorsed demonstration and frustration against lynching and disfranchisement, challenging complete citizenship rights; traditional management recommended accommodation, self-help, and the desire of property-ownership. The issue of what type to train and learning was best suited for s hades of black was a super rod of argument. Some management, in the southern part of the U.S., preferred commercial knowledge, which highlighted manual training for farming and skilled jobs. Other dark management reinforced college for Africa Individuals, to ensure the development of a management and professional category. With opportunities for knowledge of any type restricted by the white-colored South’s anger, and with the preference of northern white-controlled philanthropy for commercial knowledge, what were basically complementary forms to train and learning became a source of intense issue.                   Despite these governmental variations, dark management generally countered anti-black generalizations by focusing category variations among shades of black, and their essential role as competition management. From their perspective, to â€Å"uplift the race† featuring their function as elites to change the character and manage the behavior of the dark community. Against persistent statements of dark immorality and pathology, knowledgeable shades of black battled a battle over the representation of their people, a strategy with uncertain effects and results. They knew as themselves as a â€Å"better class† of shades of black, and required identification of their respectability, and blessed position as providers of European improvement and society. But in doing so, they brought in a state policies of internal category department (See also panel 53 in Edward Lawrence’s The Migration of the Negro.) that often seemed to internalize popula r thoughts of dark social depravity and backwardness even as they desired to battle racial discrimination. In other words, this method of opposing racial discrimination tacitly echoed popular ideas of category and sex structure. Their view that community improvement for shades of black was preferably calculated in patriarchal conditions of male-headed families and homes created stress between knowledgeable men and ladies. Such objectives of women deference to men authority and management were challenged by many knowledgeable dark females, such as Old – Julia Cooper and the anti-lynching capitalist and reporter, Ida B. Bore holes.                   This version of national uplift philosophy as an anti-racist argument employed by knowledgeable shades of black is best understood as a complicated, varied and sometimes defective reaction to a situation in which the range of governmental options for Africa America management was restricted by the aggressive and persistent racial discrimination of the post-Reconstruction U. S. Declares. By reinforcing their respectability through the moralistic over stated claims of â€Å"uplifting the competition,† and suggesting the ethical guidance of the dark community, Africa America middle-class management and spokespersons were marginalizing the idea of uplift in its more democratic and inclusive sense of combined community progression and requirements for equivalent privileges. Many dark spokespersons desired to resolve this tension between personal and team position by insisting that personal success helped the whole competition. However, many Africa Amer ica men and ladies considered the over stated claims of uplift as a call to community support. They introduced values of self-help and support to the team in building educational, reformist community gospel chapels, social and fraternal organizations, settlement houses, magazines, trade labor unions, and other community institutions whose beneficial community impact surpassed the ideological limitations of uplift.                   In the last decade, movie students have focused an increasing amount of crucial attention on Oscar Micheaux’s 1920 silent movie Within Our Gateways as an essential Africa America reaction to D. W. Griffith’s infamously improper movie, The Beginning of a Country (1915). Oscar Micheaux’s milestone movie offered a rebuttal to Griffith’s interpretation of dark assault and crime with a story of the injustices faced by Africa Individuals in a improper community. While Griffith’s movie symbolizes dark men attacks on white-colored women cleanliness, Micheaux’s movie sets the historical record straight with its interpretation of the attempted sexual attack of a dark woman by a white-colored man. But the national reversals in the plot of the movie are not the only difficulties that Within Our Gateways presents to Griffith’s movie.                   Within Our Gateways also surfaces The Beginning of a Country in the state policies of its appearance, specifically in its very different use of similar modifying. Griffith’s movie uses crosscutting to existing a very simple resistance between white-colored virtue and dark villainy; in contrast, Micheaux’s movie uses a complicated modifying pattern to existing a larger community vision of many different, competing governmental roles within both white-colored and Africa America community. The complicated design of Micheaux’s modifying is efficient in making up a viewer who is more politically crucial than the viewer constructed by the traditional The show biz industry design of Griffith’s movie. Series in Micheaux’s movie crosscut among five or six different locations and twice as many characters; consequently, Micheaux’s movie requirements an engaged and innovative viewer to identify inconsistent and contrary comm unity and governmental statements about the power structure of competition relations in the U. s. Declares.                   The Negro Knight is a 1944 documented created by the U. s. Declares Military during World War II.[1] The movie was created by Honest Capra as a follow up to his successful movie series Why We Fight. The army used this movie as a means of propaganda to persuade Africa Individuals to solicit in the army and battle in the war. A lot of people regarded the movie very highly, some going as far to say that The Negro Knight was â€Å"one of the finest factors that ever happened to America†.[2] Due to both high reviews and great cinematography, The Negro Knight proved to be a large movie that affected army members and citizens of all competitions.                   The Negro Knight affected later Africa America movies and its viewers in different ways. The movie performed a considerable part in changing the types of roles that Africa Individuals received in following movies. For example, instead of showing shades of black only as slaves or sub servants, this movie showed Africa Individuals as lawyers, artists, athletes, and other valued careers. In different movies during this time frame, Africa Individuals were often represented as comical figures. However, after The Negro Knight, Africa Individuals performed more decent and popular roles in movies.                   Furthermore, people came to realize how essential and significant a tool, movies were for telecommuting saves gas. Messages within movies, if indicated the correct way, could influence viewers greatly. The message within The Negro Knight hard the notion and offered visual proof those national equal rights was a validated idea and should be approved. Africa Individuals around the country were very pleased with this movie.                   In both movies, the meaning of uplift was extremely competitive even among those who shared it is designed. Ultimately, top level ideas of the philosophy retreated from more democratic thoughts of uplift as community progression, leaving a heritage that becomes smaller the Americans’ ideas of privileges, citizenship, and community justice. One of the significant limits of national uplift philosophy was that the attempt to restore the picture of dark people through category differences trafficked in statements of national and sex structure. The appeal implied in national uplift philosophy for the identification of dark elites’ capacity for citizenship had overshadowed post-emancipation justifications by shades of black and white wines that posited inalienable privileges as the foundation for dark men citizenship, financial privileges, equivalent protection, and team power.                   The dark top level made uplift the foundation for a racial top level identification declaring Negro improvement through category stratification as competition improvement, which required an associated idea of bourgeois certification for bigger roles in the movie industry, among other factors. Elites basically approved the conditions of the debate, recognizing that some are more deserving than others are. Instead of competition, though, they suggested that it was acculturation and display of western culture and knowledge. References Capra, F., Moss, C., United States., & United States. (1994).  The Negro soldier. Hollywood, CA: Craven Home Video. Hitchcock, A., Macgowan, K., Swerling, J., Steinbeck, J., Bankhead, T., Bendix, W. Slezak, W. Twentieth Century Fox Home Entertainment, Inc. (2005).  Lifeboat. Beverly Hills, Calif: 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment. Micheaux, O. (1994).  The conquest: The story of a Negro pioneer. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. Micheaux, O., Thomas, P. A., Cram, B., Bowser, P., Taylor, C., Johnson, B., Northern Light Productions. PBS Video. (1994).  Midnight ramble: Oscar Micheaux and the story of race movies. Alexandria, VA: PBS Video. Source document

Interdependence: Cellular Respiration and Pic

INTERDEPENDENCE IN NATURE Many of the relationships between organisms in nature are those of dependence. Whether it be a deer breathing oxygen produced by a nearby tree or a tick sucking the blood of its unsuspecting host, every organism depends on another organism in some way. [pic] Molecules and Cells †¢ Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration [pic]Photosynthesis is the process by which autotrophs convert solar energy into the chemical bond energy of glucose (C6H12O6). CO2 + 12H2O + solar energy ——-> C6H12O6 + 6H2O + 6O2 [pic]Cellular respiration is the process by which autotrophs and heterotrophs convert the chemical bond energy of glucose into the usable bond energy of ATP. Aerobic Cellular Respiration C6H12O6 + 6O2 ——-> 6CO2 + 6H2O + 38 ATP Anaerobic Cellular Respiration C6H12O6 ——-> 2 EtOH + 2CO2 + 2 ATP (Alcoholic Fermentation) C6H12O6 ——-> 2 Lactic Acid + 2 ATP (Lactic Acid Fermentation) The oxygen by-product of pho tosynthesis is used in aerobic cellular respiration by all aerobic organisms. Carbon dioxide (CO2) is released following aerobic cellular respiration and alcoholic fermentation (one form of anaerobic cellular respiration) and is then used by autotrophs during photosynthesis. Thus, these are reciprocal processes. Glucose is produced by autotrophs during photosynthesis. Both autotrophs and heterotrophs break down the glucose to form ATP during cellular respiration. Energy, therefore, is transferred between the autotrophic and heterotrophic levels. Autotrophs are dependent upon heterotrophs only for CO2. All heterotrophs are dependent, either directly or indirectly, on autotrophs for energy, but only aerobic heterotrophs are dependent on autotrophs for oxygen (O2. ) [pic] †¢ Enzymes and Substrates [pic]The rate at which a reaction occurs is dependent upon the concentration and/or volume of enzymes and the concentration and/or volume of substrates. †¢ Water [pic]Every organism in nature is dependent on water for survival because all chemical reactions take place in water. [pic] Heredity and Evolution †¢ Sporophyte and Gametophyte Generations pic]In mosses, the sporophyte grows directly out of and becomes nutritionally dependent on the gametophyte. †¢ Flowers and Their Pollinators [pic]Flowers depend upon pollinators for the success of their reproductive cycles and insects depend upon flowers for nectar. †¢ Phenotypes [pic]The characteristics of an organism are determined both by the combination of its genes as well as the organism's environment. (multifactoria l inheritance) [pic] Organisms and Populations †¢ Symbiotic Relationships [pic]Symbiosis is any relationship between individuals of two different species. There are several types of symbiotic relationships: ? Cooperation – both individuals benefit, but are independent of each other ex: oxtail birds and gnus The gnu is covered with tiny parasites that provide the bird with food and in return, the oxtail bird keeps the gnu free of parasites. ? Mutualism – both individuals benefit and are dependent upon one another ex: lichen = alga and fungus The alga performs photosynthesis and the fungus absorbs water and minerals as well as provides anchorage. Commensalism – one indvidual benefits and the other is unaffected ex: barnacles attach themselves to marine mammals such as manatees and whales [pic][pic] The marine mammals provide a moving substrate on which the barnacles may attach while the mammals remain unaffected. ? Amensalism – one individual is harmed and the other is unaffected ex: Spanish moss Spanish moss grows on trees and chokes out virtually all light going to the tree. While the Spanish moss remains unaffected, the tree does not receive enough light to perform an adequate amount of photosynthesis to survive. ? Competition – both individuals are harmed ex: rabbit and a mouse [pic][pic] The rabbit and the mouse compete for the same herbaceous plants. ? Predation – one individual benefits and the other is harmed ex: coyotes preying on rabbits ? Parasitism – one individual benefits and the other is harmed ex: a leech sucking the blood of its human host †¢ Pollution pic]With the increasing industrialization of the world, comes much pollution. Fossil fuel burning has released tremendous amounts of CO2 into the atmosphere. This excess of CO2 in the atmosphere traps solar energy in the form of heat. This effect is called the Greenhouse Effect. In addition, deforestation of the tropical rainforests has decreased the sink for CO2, thus augmenting the situation. The subsequent increase in atmospheric temperature is known as global wa rming. [pic]Sulfur and nitrogen oxides are produced almost exclusively by human activities. The combination of these compounds with water vapor in the air, creates acid. Acid rain has far-reaching effects on all aspects of life. Not only does acid rain severely damage the leaves of plants, but it also changes the pH of bodies of water. Such drastic changes gravely affect life. [pic] [pic] [pic][pic] [pic][pic][pic] [pic][pic][pic][pic] [pic][pic][pic][pic] [pic][pic] About This Site ; Library ; FAQ ; 7,000+ sites by kids for kids [pic] Privacy Policy Terms of Use [pic][pic]

Industrial-Organizational Psychology in Film Essay

Industrial-Organizational (I/O) psychology is the study of human behavior at work and it is concerned with the development of and application of scientific principles to the workplace (Spector, 2008). In this field of I/O psychology there are many topics that outlined how individuals will perform at work and how successful they will be. Some of these topics are as fallows Goal setting, Selection, Employee Motivation, Job satisfaction, Emotions at work, Burnout, and Occupational Stress. In the film, 12 Angry Men (Rose et al., 1957) shows various topics of I/O psychology that are concerned with the 12 jurors in their workplace and their decision-making. In this paper I will explain how the film, 12 Angry Men (Rose et al., 1957) explains several topics of I/O psychology on how they are applied in the workplace. I will begin by given a short synopsis of the film and then explain five different I/O psychology topics that were portrayed in the film. The I/O psychology topics that I will discuss are as fallows, goal setting, job satisfaction, emotions at work, occupational stress, and finally group think Movie Sypnosis The film, 12 Angry Men (Rose et al., 1957) is a classic movie about 12 white men deciding the sentence of a 18 year old kid who has allegedly committed murder in the first degree by stabbing and killing his father to death. The movie begins showing the different jurors walking into the courtroom at different times. The presiding judge over the courtroom delivers the decision to the jurors that they must decide if the kid is guilty or not. If the kid were to be found guilty beyond a reasonable doubt he will be sent to the electric chair. Fallowing in the film the jurors are sent to deliberate the fate of the kid. They enter the room in what was said to be the hottest day of the summer, but everyone is in laughter and ready to make their decision. At the first deliberation everyone votes guilty except for one man his reason as to why he didn’t cast his vote as guilty was because he couldn’t decide that fast over the life of a kid. The man is Henry Fonda the main protagonist of the movie, juror number 8 the only juror who wanted to give the kid a chance because a reasonable doubt. The movie continues with argument from other jurors wanting to convict the kid to the electric chair because they thought he was guilty. But as the discussion heats up Juror 8 keeps convincing everyone to a reasonable doubt that the kid is not guilty. As other jurors began to turn their decisions the emotions in this workplace escalate and so does the stress. The group must come together and reach a verdict but with dissatisfied jurors and little motivation how could they? In the end of the movie the final verdict is reach and those who were fast-acting decision making jurors cast their vote as not guilty. I/O Topics Goal Setting Goal setting is a theory of motivation and it says that â€Å"people’s behavior are motivated by their internal intentions, objectives or goals† (Spector, 2008 p.207). According to the theory it explains that goals are what a person consciously wants to attain and the things that they are going to do to get it. These goals can be specific or general, for example being able to run a marathon is a specific goal but being able to run is a general goal for someone. Also some goals are not meant for everyone ones goal should be able to be attained, some goals that effective for a orientation might not be necessary from the other. Locke and Henne (1986) said that there were four ways in which goals affect behavior. First the goals need to direct attention and action to behaviors the person believes will achieve the goal. Second, the goals mobilize effort in that the person will try harder. Third, goals increase persistence and this will result in more time spent on behaviors necessary for goal achievement. And finally goals can motivate the search for effective strategies to attain them. For every goal that is desire by an individual in order to be effective goals also need to fallow four more principles. One of the four principles is that goals must be specific and not vague because one can easily get tangled the objective. Second, goals need to be committed and have a sense of ownership to an individual because they are more likely to attain the goal. Third, feedback needs to be given by employer or organization on how an employee is doing. Finally goals need to be difficult because it will result in better performance and the person will work harder to achieve it (Spector, 2008). In 12 Angry Men, we see the goal setting of the different jurors. In the second scene of the movie when all the jurors entered the deliberation room the juror 1, the Foreman was the leader of voting he organized everyone around the table and the goal was to vote on the sentence of guilty and not guilty. Juror 1, main goal was to get the other jurors votes he committed his goal by asking a showing of hands to those who thought the kid was guilty or not guilty. All the jurors goal was to reach a verdict based their vote of guilty or not, everyone was entitled to their own opinion since the goal was committed to them and the feedback that they receive from their decision was given by the other jurors. Once the first vote was cast to show that all 11 other jurors found the kid to be guilty except for juror 8. Here we see the entitlement of the goal of juror 8 his goal was to reach a decision and he decided of not guilty. The feedback was received from the other jurors when all of them started to get loud and grumpy because his decision differ from theirs. The film demonstrated the topic of goal setting to be use correctly because in the film at the first voting everyone agreed but one person. But as the film progress the juror’s vote and their final goal began to shift when several factors were put on the table that the kid might not be guilty after all. I/O psychologists explained that the goals needed to be specific and committed, well in the film the juror’s goals was their own opinion to guilty or not and why was. The decision was not easy and many jurors where dissatisfied and their well being was not optimal because it was very hot that afternoon. Using the principles of goal setting could of helped the jurors reached a conclusion rather quickly than they did; if they had all agreed when Juror 8 was explaining as to why the kid might not be guilty because a reasonable doubt. Job Satisfaction Job satisfaction is how people feel about their jobs, and there are two ways of looking job satisfaction global and facet approach. According to Spector (2008), the global approach treats job satisfaction as a single, overall feeling toward the job. But the facet approach say that satisfaction focus on different aspects of the job such as pay, supervision, coworkers, communication, benefits, and promotion. Many people express their level of their satisfaction by showing up everyday to work and being on time, also based on the facet approach it can be explain to their pay, some people got to work because they like the people they work with, or are wanting a promotion, and other factors. Staw and Cohen-Charash (2005) identified other factors that lead to job satisfaction; the factors are personality, gender, and age. These factors contribute to a person overall satisfaction because their personality can link for them to be negativity affectivity, and their locus of control. You would want some one that is not negative and have an internal focus of control to experience the best job satisfaction. Also someone who is young is more likely to experience negative job satisfaction than someone who is old and has moved up in the career ladder within the company. A study has proved that gender has shown to not influence job satisfaction (Witt & Nye, 1992). Job satisfaction in the movie is that of Juror 8 because he could not convict the kid because he was not yet satisfied with the decision of the other jurors. Its reason was that there was a reasonable doubt to not convict the kid to murder, meaning he wasn’t going to decide that rather quickly. Also other example of job satisfaction was how negative Juror 3 was and Juror 10 when the other jurors began to change their vote. They tried to convince themselves and the others without looking at the possibility of a reasonable doubt. These Jurors were very dissatisfied with the other juror’s decision of turning their vote. The movie demonstrated job satisfaction to be done correctly it seemed, as the cast were to be conform of people who would experience higher levels of job satisfaction than others. It was done correctly because some of the jurors like number 3,7, and 10 showed higher levels of dissatisfaction because of their negativity to evaluate the facts and evidence of a reasonable doubt given by the other jurors. The principles of job satisfaction like their focus of control being able to have internal and controlling their decisions rather than relying in powerful facts that the kid was guilty because of the eye witnesses could have lead them to a easier decision. And they will all have experience better well being without getting so angry and dissatisfied. But we can see at the end that the I/O principles were apply and those who were dissatisfied became satisfied whenever they changed their vote of guilty to not guilty because they looked away from their negativity. Also it gave all the jurors a sense of satisfaction for finding a kid that presumably that was guilty to not guilty and saving his life. Emotions at work Emotions are explained by Spector (2008) to be an important component of life, and providing not only resources to acquire the necessities of life but a sense of purpose and social contacts as well. Also accomplishment is a type of feeling that will provide people with positive feelings such as pride, joy. But a heated argument in the workplace can result in feelings of anger and annoyance toward the supervisors or the organization in general. People who experience positive and reinforcing emotions at work will perform well in their job duties. Brief and Weiss (2002) said that stressful and aversive emotions at work can produce negative emotions states and moods. In the film 12 Angry Men, juror 10 and juror 3 showed the most emotions mostly negative while juror 8 showed positive emotions while looking for a reasonable doubt that the kid might not be guilty of stabbing his father. Juror 10 said â€Å" the kid lives in the slum, is had a bad record in the past for knife fighting, his no good kid that’s why his guilty† (Rose, R. 1957). This juror was very much showing his emotions and most of them seem to be negative that’s why he experience the most dissatisfaction and he had to kept wiping his nose every time he spoke very angrily regarding the matter. Juror 3 wanted to punch Juror 8 because they had difference of opinions and Juror 6 wanted to fight juror 3 because he didn’t shut up. The movie seems to cover up all the emotions that these state appointed juror showed while they were delivering the verdict. It’s a very hard decision to make and when people differ in opinion some of the jurors got really excited and the temper escalated. The topic of emotions at work was demonstrated corrected because in I/O psychology they are concerned in how people behave at work either positively or negatively (Spector, 2008). It was very well expressed the amount of anger juror 3, and juror 10 had towards the other jurors that gradually change their votes too not guilty. The characters needed to apply positive emotions and deep surface acting to experience less negative emotions towards the matter that they were discussing. If they had better moods and emotions they will had experience more positive reinforcement in their jobs as jurors. Because positive emotions in the workplace result in better performance in the case of the juror will be the decision-making and more satisfaction for their jobs. But the movie is not called 12 Angry Men for nothing, so that’s why many of the jurors expressed negative emotions. Occupational Stress Occupational stress is a state of being that has experienced by almost everyone. Occupational stress starts with a job stressor, which is a condition at work that requires and adaptive response (Spector, 2008). It is then fallowed by a job strain, which is a reaction to the job stressor. Some of these job stressors identified by Spector (2008), are role ambiguity, role conflict, workload, Social stressor and control. In role ambiguity and employee is uncertain about what their job functions and responsibilities are. In role conflict the employee people experience negative demands at work and outside work (extrarole and intrarole). In intrarole are too many demands a job is asking of their employee, extrarole occurs when demands from work and nonwork domains become overwhelming. Workload is the amount of work an employee is ask to complete in a certain time, as to a social stressor is stressful incidents concerning other people often can lead to incivility. Finally control the extent in which employees can make decisions about work. With regards to the film an example that depicts occupational stress is the overwhelming decision of whether the kid was guilty or not. A stressful situation is when at the beginning of the voting juror 8 decides that the kid is not guilty he puts himself in a stressful situation because his peers do no agree with him and he has to prove to them why he doesn’t think that the kid is guilty. He experiences a lot of role conflict within his job because now all the other 11 jurors are making a lot of demands as to why his decisions is what it is. This is called in the movie intrarole situation because since all the jurors are against his decision to decide that there is a reasonable doubt for the kid not being guilty. The movie shows that occupational stress is a major part of being a juror because since everyone is bound to have their own opinion they can all differ from one another. This stress leads to job stressor that can cause some of the jurors to get burnout in the process, just like juror 7 change his vote to not guilty because he wanted to leave without any reason. The I/O topic of occupational stress in the job as a juror is utilize correctly in the movie because it apply to several principles of this topic like role conflict cause intrarole to juror 8 since he was with almost all the weight on his shoulders and the most stress to explain to the other jurors his decision and he also had a social stressor given by the other jurors difference of opinions. Juror 8 was almost assaulted in the movie because he didn’t agree with the rest ultimately he had control of his own decisions and why it lead to the whole jury changing their vote to not guilty. It lead to an overall better decision and more satisfaction even though there was a lot of stress and tension among the jurors. Group-Think Groupthink is a phenomenon that can occur when groups make decisions that individual members know are poor decisions. According to Janis (1972) groupthink is more likely to occur in cohesive groups with strong leaders. Because social pressures to maintain a certain level of conformity and harmony takes over good decision-making. But that’s not the end we cant always think that every time there is group the phenomenon of groupthink is likely to occurs there are some things we can do to avoid it explained by Janis (1972). The first thing leaders should be impartial moderators rather than attempting to gain control. Second, group members should evaluate decision alternatives and seek for information that can support or refute their decision. But this is not all to help with this problem sometimes is suggested that large groups to be divided into smaller groups where people can decide better among some critical issues within a organization which eventually can lead to the correct decision. A good example of groupthink in the movie is when juror 8 decides to cast his votes as not guilty while the other eleven members thought the accuser was guilty. In this case we see that groupthink being evolve as one of the jurors exclaims as to why he would decide that the kid was innocent and he insisted that juror 8 had ignore all the evidence. Juror 8 said, â€Å" I am not saying he didn’t do it, but there is a possibility that he didn’t, I have a reasonable doubt† (Rose, R. 1957). Juror 8 decisions to go against the other jurors vote is thought by him to be right while the other eleven jurors knew their decision was the right one. He thought that the decision for all eleven members to cast their vote as guilty was wrong and he wanted an explanation as to why they thought the kid was guilty. The movie demonstrated the topic being use incorrectly because the group did not wanted to agree with the other juror that thought the group decision was wrong. The leader being juror 1 didn’t sit impartial to the decision while he let some others like juror 2 and 10 control the decisions of the whole group of jurors. Also the other jury members did not evaluated their decision to cast their vote as guilty to either supported or refuted it they just kind of went what the leaders were voting. The topic would had been shown more effectively in the movie if the group of jurors had divided in to two groups and both evaluated different sides of evidence and then presented each other and make a vote from there. Rather I was open where a few that stood strong in their decisions where fallow by those who didn’t. Also another big issue is that there was no diversity among the groups it was an all white jury with no women or anything that was different. Maybe if the director would have added a women or a person of color into the group to have another point of view from a different background the decision might have been better received at first. Conclusion In the world that we live today there are many jobs and different principles of I/O psychology that can be apply to a specific job. It is not easy dealing with the demanding qualifications some jobs require and with the certain things an employee needs to put up with. As depicted in the film 12 Angry Men, being a juror in a specific trial can take a toll on the jurors, but in this film we saw that the jury had a clear and identifiable goal that was to reach a verdict concerning the life of 18-year-old kid. The juror satisfaction of this state appointed job might not always be the best at the beginning because of their different attitudes, but I can be very rewarding to save a persons life in the end. Emotions are a key thing jurors face when facing a hard decisions but always being positive and staying clear of the objective can help with the decision. But at the same time with emotions can bring a lot of stress for this occupation a juror must be able to face it and control and look into the bigger perspective. In the end we use groupthink to make decision being diverse will help an reach decisions rather quickly but sometimes it will not work out that way for those power hungry individuals. There will be no more rewarding job then going home knowing that you did the right thing and helped society. References Rose, R. (writer), Lumet, S. (director), Fonda, H. (writer). (1957). 12 Angry men. [Motion Picture]. United States: Orion-Nova Productions Spector, P. E. (2008). Industrial and Organizational Behavior, 5th Edition. New York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc.

Persuasion in Advertising Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Persuasion in Advertising - Essay Example It is formed on the basis of psychological and physiological movements which are studied by the advertising and marketing people so that the client (the company people) also remain happy and their business flourishes in the longer run. However, to get this very message down to the intended people is not an easy job to start with. It needs to be very targeted, precise and significant for them in order for them to take notice and understand that the particular brand connects with them in the best and most easiest of manners possible and hence they should be the ones to buy it for themselves and for this reason satisfy their need or even please themselves more than they had already expected. It is a sure tough job for the people who have to extract the perfect message which needs to be sharpened again and again before it actually gets down to the right kind of people who will make the actual purchase and therefore the product will be sold in the end. However, on the flip side of the coi n, this requires selling the product or the brand in the mind of the consumer before he actually decides to go and buy the very same. This is referred as the pre-selling stage and advertising has got a lot to do with it. Psychologically speaking, consumers connect with what is there on the electronic and/or print media for them in the form of a message that says a lot about their preferred brand and lists down the details as to how it could benefit the same person if he or she uses it. Advertising is the non-personal communication of information usually paid for and usually persuasive in nature about products, services or ideas by identified sponsors through the various media. This is all the art of selling and it comes under the heading of marketing and for marketing to happen in the first place, advertising is of fundamental importance. (Mitchell, 1993) Without advertising, marketers can only think of their product lying on the retail outlets waiting for angels to come and satisfy themselves. People need to be told the plus points of their brands (by the company) so that they actually go out and make the eventual purchase which in all fairness, not an easy job for the company, say that is producing a shoe polish which does not stick on to the shoes as much as do the other competitor shoe polishes already available in the market. If the customers do not know or are not given the liberty to comprehend the different features of the brand which is being advertised by the company, they would not make that valued effort on their part and hence the company will be the one to suffer in the end and no one else. Advertising is a part of the social psychology and as we are discussing the persuasive part of it, hence there is a direct linkage here. Hence the branch of human psychology that deals with the behavior of groups and the influence of social factors on the individual is indeed the social psychology and as we are getting the hang of things from the advertising and persuasion perspective of it, the both are seen as being quite imperative here. First and foremost, for persuasion, one needs to take into notice the fact that this is a two way process and not a hand which can clap alone

Reading assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Reading assignment - Essay Example The Lord never forgets his people and he loves us very much. Even if you are suffering now, it will not be forever God will eventually rescue your from temptation. The Virgin Mary is also a strong sign of the almighty power and love the Lord has for humans. This is a sign of the marvelous things the Lord has planned for us. The narrator also discovers that the Lord made everything on the surface of the earth even the smallest thing; including a hazelnut. This indicates that we should only pursue to please the Lord since everything belongs to him. However, man has been known only to pursue earthly wealth. Only then can we be spiritually satisfied. The Lord loves us so much that He provides His followers with wisdom to better comprehend the world around them. That is what enables man to be innovative and to praise the name of the Lord for all he has provided us. Since the Lord made everything He has the urge of preserving his creations. That is why when an individual is sick and has faith, he/she shall be healed in the precious name of the Lord. The above facts show us that God is good and is associated with everything good. If you follow His ways, He shall protect you and guide

Julius Caesar play Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Julius Caesar play - Essay Example Julius Caesar is one of the most popular Shakespearean tragedies and is also one of the strongest political plays written by Shakespeare.It is a play that depicts the political conditions of Rome during the rein of Julius Caesar. Bloom and Loos also state, ‘Platter notes that he witnessed an ‘excellent performance of the tragedy of the first Emperor Julius Caesar’ suggesting that he realized the significance of the play as a work about the death of the republic and the rise of imperial Rome’(281). The play is a very pertinent portrayal of a political system and the rules that curtail in order to become a good ruler or to be able to acquire the throne. Shakespeare highlights some of very negative aspects of human nature in this play and these aspects also act as major themes of this play which includes deception, jealousy, ambitiousness, revenge and fickle moral and ethical values. The word play in this drama is very strong as Shakespeare through his use of s imple words has been able to deliver all the strong emotions like anger, hatred and love very effectively to his readers and audience. 2. Scene 2 Act 3 This scene commences with Brutus’s speech that he delivers in front of the crowd of the common citizens of Rome in which he makes an attempt to justify his actions i.e. Caesar’s murder. Scene 2 of act 3 holds a lot of importance in the play as it is an anti climax to Caesar’s death as this scene leads to the avenging of Caesar’s murder... 2.1. Crowd and Readers/Audience a Single Entity One of the unique qualities of Shakespeare’s play is that any scene that involves a crowd or mass public in such scenes readers or the audience is also become a part of that crowd. It is through the delivery of the dialogues and the gestures of the characters or actors that give a feeling of oneness to the readers with the crowd in the play. Shakespeare uses his words in such a manner that it keeps the audience or the readers enthralled with all the action taking place in the play and the spectators can actually feel and live the emotions that a particular scene projects as is also true in the case scene 2 of Julius Caesar. 2.2. Purpose This scene is important to the play because it acts as an anti thesis to the negativity that Brutus had instigated about Caesar. Although Caesar dies midway through the play but the character traits of Caesar that are unveiled in Antony’s speech in this scene act as an instigator that keeps his memory alive through out the play and his existence is felt through the rest of the acts even in his absence. Moreover figuratively it also makes the reader or audience realize the importance of words in general because basically in this scene it is Brutus’s word against Antony however the power of diction is reiterated in this scene as it is observed that earlier the crowd agreed with Brutus that Caesar was the villain as stated in the text, ‘This Caesar was a tyrant.’ Also ‘We are blessed that Rome is rid of him’ (75, 76). However when Antony takes the stage his speech is more full of grief and anger and hence the crowd is swayed and the agree that actually Brutus is the culprit as also mentioned in the text,

The problem of Skepticism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The problem of Skepticism - Essay Example there are views about philosophical traditional problems, For example, the problem of induction and other minds are seen as forms of restricted skepticism which holds that we all cannot have knowledge of any proposals in any particular domain that we think to be within our understanding. In this regard, this essay will focus on the problem of skepticism, in terms of if we can ever be justified in claiming to know something and has risen repeatedly in the history of epistemology, as well as expound if the challenge of skepticism can be answered in my area of study, communication and advertising ( Feldman & Richard, 2003). Skepticism questions our knowledge in many ways, as well as domains whereby we think that knowledge is possible. However, the problem of skepticism has risen repeatedly in the history of epistemology, in that some philosophers think that the main purpose of epistemology is to rebut and meet the challenge of skeptical. For example, Philosophical skepticism is a school of thought which crosses cultures and disciplines. In addition, many skeptics have critically examined the meaning of the systems and the examination often results to doubt or ambiguity. Skepticism also ranges from disbelief in philosophical contemporary solutions and rejecting the external world to reality (Chisholm, 1992). The challenge of skepticism cannot be answered by the field of study in communication and advertising because the problem of skepticism is lacking empirical evidence. DeWeese & Moreland (2005) adds that we are all skeptical on some things, particularly since opposition and doubt are not always distinguished.

Prominent learning theories Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Prominent learning theories - Assignment Example Operant conditioning falls in the category of behavioral learning theories. Another theorist named Jerome Bruner came up with his own theory of learning which is recognized as discovery learning theory and this theory falls in the category of cognitive learning theory. In this theory he stated that learning takes place when an individual comes in contact with a particular stimuli, he forms a perception regarding that stimuli and then acts according to the formed perception (Leonard, 2002, p.97). The perception they develop regarding a stimuli is dependent upon the learner’s environment. A third category of learning theory is humanistic approach of learning and one of the most famous theories of this approach is Experiential Learning theory provided by Carl Rogers (Leonard, 2002, p.68). He stated that there are two kinds of learning taking place one is cognitive which is meaningless in nature and the second kind of learning is experiential which is significant. He stated that e xperiential learning is very important as it is backed by a need and whenever an individual has to satisfy a need he may resort to learning. For example: a person is motivated by the need of driving, this motivation will make him learn. Similarities and Differences The main similarity between Skinner’s and Bruner’s theory is that they propose the humans are passive learners and they will not learn until they come in contact with a stimuli (Hitchcock, 2003, p.232). Another similarity between these two theories is that an instructor is required to teach the respondents. The main similarity between Roger’s and Bruner’s theory is that individuals learn by themselves and they do not need a third person to help them learn. Another major similarity between theories provided by Roger’s and Bruner’s theory is that individuals learn first and then they use these learned behaviors. None of the three theorists have emphasized on the age of the learners in their theory, thus they accept that learning can take place at any age. There are several differences between these theories, in case of Skinner’s theory an instructor has to provide an environment for learning and children learn through their experience with rewards and reinforcements while in Bruner’s case the instructor is merely a facilitator who provides the subjects with the opportunities to learn on their own. Skinner’s theories have been tested on animals, while Bruner’s theory has been tested on human beings, thus Bruner’s theory is more applicable to humans. The theory provided by Roger is quite different from the theories of Skinner and Bruner in the sense that Roger believes that learning can not take place without a need, while the other two assert that students are pushed to learn. Application in Nursing All three theories are quite applicable in various scenarios where learning takes place as well in various fields. Nursing staff and officers can even use these theories to manage their day to day activities. Example for Operant Conditioning: A patient insists on not taking medicine and continues to watch television; the nurse turns the television off. The patient gets irritated and wants the television to be turned on; the nurse tells her that if she takes the medicine the television will be turned on, so she quickly takes the medicine. Now whenever the patient insists on not taking her medicine, the nurse staff switches off the television box (Berman, 2008, p.490). Example for Roger’

2-3 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

2-3 - Assignment Example The second fallacy is that of helplessness which a certain co-worker of mine applied in his real life. He would always complain of too much paper work and that he could not help himself out of the situation. The truth of the matter is that of he practiced time management well and set his priorities straight, he would not be missing the deadlines given to him. Because of his attitude, we shoulder the burden along with him because he is part of our department. Sadly, he doesn’t want to be helped and all of us are affected in the workplace. What I did was just exert the best effort possible to do my job and focus so that I would accomplish my own job. The third fallacy is that of approval. I learned that not all the time, one should please others to get their approval. Because of this wrong attitude, I cannot refuse the request of my co-workers and it came to a point where they abused my kindness. When I realized this was happening to me, I taught myself to say â€Å" no† when I could not really afford to do errands or favor from some of my co-workers. It was difficult but I had to discipline myself or suffer the consequences of being treated poorly. Later, my co-workers realized that I had changed and they stopped pushing me around which I earned me

Computer Network Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Computer Network - Essay Example Moreover, there is no documentation for the current IT infrastructure. There is no documentation explaining the network setup in the company. Also, the software and the hardware are outdated. Considering that the computers are still running windows XP, it implies that the OS may not support the current versions of application software and hardware needed to run the business as per the requirements. Considering the above stated issues, it’s clear that the WLA Company IT infrastructure needs to be restructured, redesigned and updated to meet the current IT requirements. This involves updating both the software and the hardware parts of the current system, designing new network infrastructure to cater for the needs of the company and training the existing employees on how to use the lately installed networking system. To solve the above-connoted issues a network system has to be set up. This network system will consist of client computers, servers and other peripheral devices such as printers, fax machines, telephone etc. (i.e. a client/server network is set up). The best network design for this company is peer-to-peer design. But the rapid growth of the company calls for the preparation of the company for further expansion by allowing flexibility. In this regard, the best network design will be a hybrid network. With this setup, account and permission will be required to access file on the server, while at the same time, access to other computers on the network will be shared equally. This will minimize the cost of setting up the network while at the same time bringing in efficiency. The hardware and software explain below are recommended to ensure maximum functioning of the company activities. All software and hardware that will be required for WLA business is listed below and why the justification of why it is required. Garrett (2003)

Preschool Literacy Essay Example for Free

Preschool Literacy Essay This paper is going to outline the myriad of benefits that high-quality preschool literacy programs will afford families, communities, school districts and the world. Today, numerous researchers are delving into HOW to establish an effective and successful pre-school program. In this paper, I hope to answer several questions: ? What is pre-school literacy? ? What benefits do participants in a preschool program receive? ? HOW do we go about establishing a high-quality pre-school literacy program? I am rather passionate about this area. Being a speech pathologist, literacy skills and communication skills are so interwoven it is difficult to separate them. I have to say that while going to school many years ago, we didn’t learn that much about literacy as it related to speech and language development. It is only recently that researchers and educators have identified the importance of how both developmental areas are linked. I feel that establishing successful and highly effective programs that incorporate family and child directed activities are crucial to the success of our young students. That being said, let’s explore pre-school literacy. What is preschool literacy? Most people hear the word ‘literacy’ and equate that with ‘reading’. This would be an adult analogy. For very young children, we don’t, nor should we, expect them to read! Early literacy skills refer to many different things, none of which is sitting down with Mom at the age of two and reading aloud for her. At the youngest ages, early literacy skills refer to children’s exposure and experience with books. The following list is derived from Schickendanz (1999) and Early Literacy (www. zerotothree. com) . It states that early literacy behaviors include: ? Book handling behaviors – handling and manipulating the book ? Looking and Recognizing- how are they paying attention to the book, pictures, words; demonstrating recognition of pictures, etc. ? Picture and Story Comprehension – Imitation of actions noted in a story, talking about a story ? Story-Reading Behaviors – verbal interactions with the books, imitating a pointing a finger at words and/or pictures. ‘Establishing strong early literacy behaviors is essential to literacy development and should be the focus of early language and literacy programs’ (Early Literacy, 2003) It is suggested that these skills develop naturally and unfold as a result of social interactions with parents and caregivers, rather than direct instruction. I agree with this statement wholeheartedly. Ideally, it is everyday interactions with infants and toddlers that include talking and book reading that help establish the crucial beginning stages of literacy development. I recently heard on a radio program (can’t cite it) that children between the ages of 0-3 years should hear approximately 30,000 words a day to build an effective vocabulary! Amazing. Todd Risley, co-author of Meaningful differences in the 3 everyday Experiences of young American children (Mangione, 2005), states that isn’t an intentional teaching of these behaviors but rather embedded in the social interactions. He believes, as do I, that oral language skills appear to be the basis of phonological processing skills, which is a strong indicator for reading readiness in kindergarten. As children move into the preschool realm, (typically described as ages 3 through 5), prereading skills are developing along a continuum, rather than as a set of discrete and separate skills. In the article Critical Issue: Addressing the literacy Needs of Emergent and Early Readers (www. ncrel. org), the authors made a very interesting point I’d like to share with you. They discussed the various stages of literacy development that are not relevant to this article, however, an important transition occurs when a child’s â€Å"‘reading’ of a story changes from sounding like oral language to sounding like written language. This demonstrates a change in ideas from thinking of reading as spoken words to understanding that reading is recreated from written text that has special wordings† (McGee Richgels, 1996;Sulzby, 1991). It is the beginning of the child’s print recognition. With respect to specific pre-school literacy behaviors that we should see addressed in a high-quality preschool program, the most important would be: ? Oral Language- engaging in rich conversational exchange with students, developing oral vocabulary, reading aloud daily, having children develop their own stories by looking at pictures (Tomie DiPola books are excellent for this) ? General Knowledge – what prior knowledge are the student’s coming into school with that they share, encouraging questions and new experiences with in the classroom, ? Print Awareness- being exposed to various written materials, some repetition of early literacy behaviors, point/drag techniques while reading ? Alphabet knowledge – the ABC song, recognizing sounds that letters make, letter recognition. ? Phonological awareness- Increased awareness of the sounds of the letters and how to play with them through rhyme, segmenting, blending, ? Pre-writing skills – later stages of development and exposure to writing mediums (pen, pencil, crayon, markers, paint), using journals with self-made pictures, word walls. (Roskos, K; Christie, J, Richgels, D, www. naeyc. org) How do participants in high-quality preschool programs benefit? I think I could go on for days about the benefits of an excellent preschool experience. For the sake of brevity, I won’t! Numerous studies have been conducted to determine whether preschool programs are beneficial and cost effective. The majority of studies suggest the answer to that is an overwhelming YES. 4 The Chicago Child Parent Center (CPC), the High/Scope Perry Preschool Program and the Abecedarian Project are all examples of highly qualified preschool programs. The CPC is recognized by the US Department of Education as an exemplary early childhood program. A comparison of the benefits of these programs was conducted, yielding what I thought were incredible results. These programs have been in effect since the 1960’s, servicing low-income areas in Chicago and Michigan (Lee, J, www.ccsso. org). In a speech given by Dr. W. Steven Barnett of the National Institute for Early Intervention Research in 2006, three separate studies compared the results of participants enrolled in the above-mentioned preschool programs against a control group that wasn’t enrolled in any preschool program. Their longitudinal studies revealed amazing results, which are credited to the attending of the preschool programs. According to them, participants in the program (as compared with non-participants): ? Were less likely to be enrolled in special education ? Had a higher rate of high school completion ? Demonstrated higher test scores ? Were less likely to repeat a grade ? Had increased earning after completing high school ? Engaged in less criminal activities ? Had a lower incidence of smoking, pregnancy and abortion. These benefits did not stop at the poverty line. They also demonstrated that middle class children benefited from the experience as well. He discussed the well-known fact that disadvantaged children benefit more when they are in class with children from different socio-economic backgrounds. An analysis I found very interesting was that ‘For every dollar invested into the preschool programs described in this paper $7 is saved in public expenditures’ (Lee. www. ccsso. org). WOW, think what that could mean to a superintendent’s budget! When trying to determine whether a preschool program could benefit those in the middle class, the US Dept. of Education, NCES, (1997) article entitled Dropout rates in the United States:1995 determined that middle class children have fairly high rates of the problems that preschool reduces for low-income children. While benefits decrease gradually with an income increase, the overall benefits are greater when ALL children are exposed to PreK. In an evaluation of 5 state prek programs conducted by Barnett,W. S, Lamy, C. and Jung, K. (2005), results revealed that in all programs, whether universal or targeted, students demonstrated gains in language, literacy and math. While all students (various SES backgrounds) gained, the low-income students gained more. Soooooo†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 5 How do we go about establishing high-quality preschool literacy programs? In an ideal world with unlimited funding, it wouldn’t be too difficult. However, we don’t live in an ideal world and much needed financing is often diverted to other important (or not so important! ) causes. Really, what is more important than education? One resolution could be to emulate the success demonstrated by the Chicago and Michigan programs spoken about earlier in this paper. In Rockland County, some school disctricts already offer a district-based preschool program. This year, all districts were alloted slots to participate in a Universal PreK initiative. However, while that is an excellent start to establishing a much needed entity, a lot of work still exists. During my research gathering I read many, many articles that discussed the family-centered literacy approach. Such as at the CPC, involving the parents and providing them with strategies and useful techniques to help their children empowers them and makes them feel useful and successful. Without parental involvement at the preschool level, literacy development suffers. Since the institution of NCLB, many school disstricts are seeking wasys to provide needed support to their students without it becoming a ‘special ed’ component or target program. Instituting a universal prek program benefits all. Looking at the various achievement gaps that Dr. Barnett identified in his paper, while there is significantly more of an achievement gap at the lower SES levels, there are still marked gaps in the middle class level, thus further justifying why ALL students would benefit from the experience. In an effort to establish successful high-quality preschool programs in Texas, the retired CEO of Texas Instruments was aware of the huge impact the Perry Preschool Program had on its communities and he was eager to replicate that success in Texas. Therefore, after establishing a successful pilot program, the participants wanted to be able to spread the success throughout the state and a handbook â€Å"Improving Early Literacy of Preschool Children’ was developed for prekindergarten educators. The authors and editors really were able to target what a high-quality program looks like with suggestions on how to implement them into your existing programs. The following steps are indicated to improve a preschool program: ? Set goals ? Create an improvement plan ? Build a classroom library ? Train the teachers and encourage collaboration. ? Keep rack of student’s progress ? Inform and involve parents 6 ? Communicate with elementary schools the children will attend ? Measure and document results (Dougherty, 1999) All of these steps are so important to developing a program that is successful. It is hard to determine whether one step is more important than another. Personally, I really feel that if the teachers and the teaching assistants and/or aides are given the proper training, every interaction with a child will take on new meaning. The Margaret Cone Head Start Center in Southeast Dallas has serviced predominantly low-income populations. As part of their language enrichment program (LEAP), each teacher attends six weeks of instruction at the nearby university as well as several workshops a year. Because of these teacher trainings, Cone Center children have produced improved scores on a variety of tests targeting vocabulary, language skills and social skills. I believe that involving the parents as much as possible and having them in the classroom for a half-day a week or twice a month lets them see what is happening and provides modeling they can use at home. Obstacles that I can identify at this point to establishing high-quality preschool programs that ALL children can attend include: ? FUNDING ? Private preschool programs vs. school district based programs ? Consistent participation on the part of the parents ? Difficulty providing quality training programs for the teachers and teaching assistants/aides due to lack of funding, time, resources While I feel there are many excellent examples of qualified and successful preschool programs in Rockland County, we do not meet the needs of all the children of the preschool age. As CPSE chair, I am able to provide special education needs to many children that require it. However, there is great variability between the programs that we recommend students attend. Consistent high-quality preschool programs would be beneficial to ALL students involved, not just the special needs children. In conclusion, it is a well-documented fact that preschool literacy education benefits all children involved. The need lies in our ability to establish high-caliber programs that are consistent, with staff that is well trained and caring. I think if we can distribute the information about the long-term effects researched and prove to the masses (school boards! ) that the bottom line would be cost savings to the community, we might see some change. I look forward to that day! References 1. Schweinhart, L. J. Lasting Benefits of Preschool Programs ERIC Digest. ericdigests. org. Retrieved February 25, 2008, from http://www. ericdigests. org/1994/lasting. htm 2. Dougherty, C. , et al. Improving Early Literacy of Preschool Children a Handbook for Prekindergarten Educators. Texas Instruments, 1999. 3. Lee, J. The Benefits of Preschool for High School and Beyond. Council of Chief State School Officers. Retrieved February 25, 2008, from http://www. ccsso. org 4. Roskos, K. A. , Christie, J. F. Richgels, D. J. The Essentials of Early Literacy Instruction. National Association for the Education of Young Children. Retrieved February 23, 2008, from www. naeyc. org/resources/journal 5. Mangione, P. L. (2005). Creating Language and Literacy Experiences for Infants and Toddlers. PITC Graduate Conference. Berkeley, CA. 6. Johnson, D. Sulzby, E. Critical Issue: Addressing the Literacy Needs of Emergent and Early Readers. North Central Regional Educational Library. Retrieved January 21, 2008, from http://www. ncrel. org/sdrs/areas/issues/content/cntareas/reading/li100. htm 7. Barnett, W. (2006, Jan. 10). Research on the Benefits of Preschool Education: Securing High Returns from Preschool for All Children. New York, NY. 8. Brain Wonders. Early Literacy (2003). Zero To Three. Retrieved January 24, 2008, from www. zerotothree. org/BrainWonders.

Backbone network Essay Example for Free

Backbone network Essay The chapter starts out explaining how a BN (Backbone Network) works. Backbone Network: Connecting all of the LANs of an organization entails another type of network (BN). A properly designed backbone network provides a high-speed circuit that serves as the central conduit across which the LANs of an organization can communicate. They can also be used to connect LANs within a building, across a campus, and, increasingly, across much greater distances. A BN, as indicated by its name, is a network of its own. Besides connecting the various network segments, the backbone may have its own devices that can be accessed by other network segments Metropolitan area network (MAN): MAN spans a city and is often used to connect remote BNs. MAN in some cases can be considered a citywide BN and as the geographic distances they cover have increased, especially with the use of fiber-optics. BNs connect networks between floors of a building, across a city, or between states and countries. BN and MAN are sometimes used interchangeably, based on the scope of the BN. Network Segments: Each individual LAN owned by an organization is reffered to as a network segment. Horizontal Segment: A moderate- to large-scale organization might have a network segment on each floor of a multistory building. Because each network segment, or LAN, typically occupies its own floor, this type of network segment is often referred to as a horizontal network. For example, assume that a business occupies three floors of a building. On each floor is a separate LAN, or horizontal network segment. Vertical Network: LANs could, and probably would, be connected to each other by a BN. This type of multi-floor connection is an example of a vertical network. The BN in this instance is the central connecting cable running vertically from floor to floor that enables the horizontal networks to communicate with each other. Part of configuration analysis includes determining how each network segment connects to the BN. Generally, each network segment is connected to the BN using either a switch or a router. Deciding which Backbone Protocol to use? Questions to ask: 1) Traffic Demands 2) Constant Communication 3) Mostly Independent Gigabyte Ethernet: is a very popular choice for BNs. The IEEE’s initial standard for Gigabit Ethernet is the 802.3z standard. Gigabit Ethernet allows for a data rate of 1,000 Mbps, or 1 Gbps. A major advantage of all of the officially recognized forms of Gigabit Ethernet is that each form builds on the standards of the preexisting Ethernet protocol. This means that the MAC layer and access method for Gigabit Ethernet are the same as those for standard and Fast Ethernet. Additionally, Gigabit Ethernet supports both half- and full-duplex communications. Other protocols that might be used for a backbone include Frame Relay (FR) and Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM). Frame Relay and ATM are also frequently associated with WANs. As such, discussion of Frame Relay and ATM will be reserved for Chapter 7, which focuses on WANs. Backbone Architecture: two most common BN architectures are distributed and collapsed. Factors that influence a business’s decision as to which architecture to use include business needs, the condition of the physical facility (sometimes called the plant or campus), how users need to communicate, and the budget. The larger and more complex the organization, the more critical the decision becomes as to what type of backbone architecture to use. It can be very costly to change an existing backbone architecture once one has been put in place. Distributed Backbone: runs throughout the entire enterprise. This type of backbone uses a central cable to which the network segments are connected. The central cable, which is the backbone, requires its own protocol, such as Gigabit Ethernet; it is also its own network. The backbone is considered to be distributed because each network segment has its own cabled connection to the backbone. The backbone is distributed to the LANs by connecting the LANs to the backbone. They maybe connected with routers and switches. In some cases even servers. A distributed backbone typically has separate routers that connect each logical network to the backbone. Because separate routers are used, internetwork traffic may have to pass through several routers to reach its destination. One advantage of a distributed backbone is that it allows resources required by most, if not all, internetworking users to be placed directly on the BN. Collapsed Backbone: connects all of the network segments to a centra l, single router or switch. This central device is, in effect, the backbone. The network segments typically connect to the central backbone device by means of a hub, switch, or router. Because only a single,central backbone device is used, cabling is greatly reduced. Furthermore, additional connecting devices are not required. A collapsed backbone can result in significant cost savings. Backplane: is an internal, high-speed communications bus that is used in place of the connecting cables found in a distributed backbone. Because fiber-optic cabling is used to connect network segments to the collapsed backbone’s backplane, long distances are possible. With fiber-optic cabling, network segments may be widely scattered across a building or even a campus. Backbone Fault Tolerance: is the capability of a technology to recover in the event of error, failure, or some other unexpected event that disrupts organizational communications and functions. Should the backbone fail for some reason, internetworking may no longer be possible. In such an event, business could come to a standstill and, depending on the recovery time, irreparable damage may occur. However, if fault tolerance has been built into the backbone, internetworking will likely still be possible. Fault tolerance will determine its ability to survive an error, damage, or some other unforeseen circumstance. Redundant Backbone: Should one backbone become unavailable, the other can still be used for internetworking traffic. Furthermore, using a redundant backbone also allows for the load balancing of internetworking traffic. By placing half of the network segments on each backbone, internetworking traffic is shared, or balanced, across the backbones, resulting in improved communications performance. It is also VERY expensive. Wiring Closet: The patch panel is usually housed in the wiring closet. The wiring closet may also contain servers that provide resources across the enterprise. In a multifloor design, wiring closets are usually placed one above the other. Placing the wiring closets in vertical alignment greatly facilitates their connection. Data Center: usually moderately to largely spaced and house all of the necessary networking equipment for the entire enterprise in a central location. As with wiring closets, data centers should be tightly secured and environmentally appropriate for the equipment they house. The data center may contain routers, switches, servers, and even network segment hubs that connect individual devices to their network segment. Rack: Hubs, Servers, Switches, Routers are bolted to them. Packet Errors: Related to Early Collisions and Late Collisions Early Collisions: Collisions in an Ethernet network are to be expected, and the collisions themselves are not a problem. However, when too many collisions occur, say, 5 percent or more of the total packets, then corrective measures are needed. If this happens too often, the segment network may have to be split. Late Collisions: can be caused by excessive cable lengths. Another potential cause is the use of too many repeaters. Late collisions can result in lost packets that require retransmission by higher-level protocols. Runts: Too small of a packet, may result from a defective NIC. They are also caused when a transmitting device stops transmission in the middle of a packet due to the detection of a collision. Runts can never be entirely eliminated, because they result from normal collisions, but when the number of runts is greater than the monitored number of collisions, a problem is indicated, may be caused by a defective NIC. Giants: Too large of a packet, and usually caused by a jabbering NIC. Jabbering: NIC is one that is transmitting continuously and incorrectly. Unlike runts, giants are not the result of a normal Ethernet operation, and therefore indicate a definite problem. Whereas a bad NIC is the mostly likely cause of a giant, another hardware device may also be faulty or a cable segment may be defective. If a NIC or cable segment is found to be the cause of the problem, the best solution is to remove and discard the failing component and replace it with a new one. Broadcast Storm: When the total broadcast traffic reaches or exceeds a rate of 126 packets per second, a broadcast storm results. The major problem with such a storm is that it is self-sustaining, resulting in a flood of garbage packets that eventually consume all network bandwidth, preventing any other valid communications from occurring. SMDS (Switched Multimegabit Data Services): supports the exchange of data between LANs in different parts of a city or between network segments over a large campus. SMDS is a packet-switched datagram service for high-speed MAN traffic. SMDSIP (Switched Multimegabit Data Services Interface Protocol): provides for three layers of protocols that define user information frame structuring, addressing, error control, and overall transport. SMDSIP Level 1 defines the physical interfaces and the type of trans- mission medium and signaling system used. SMDSIP Level 2 provides an access method, defined in IEEE Project 802.6, that is referred to as a distributed queue dual bus (DQDB). (It is beyond the scope of this text to go into the details of DQDB; however, it is interesting to note that the access method used is not contention or token passing, but one called distributed queues.) SMDSIP Level 3 accepts user data and adds header and trailer information to it for processing by the SMDS network.

Womens Suffrage In England

Womens Suffrage In England The investigation assesses whether violent militant tactics by the Womens Social and Political Union founded by Emmeline Pankhurst from 1903 to 1914 were necessary in order to gain womens suffrage in England. I will be using several primary sources. One of them is written by Emmeline Pankhurst herself in 1914 called My Own Story. The other is written by her daughter Sylvia E. Pankhurst called The Life of Emmeline Pankhurst. I will also use snippets from local newspapers like The Morning Post. Other works will be analyzed like The Fighting Pankhursts by David Mitchell and You Wouldnt Want to Be a Suffragist! by Fiona Macdonald. To evaluate whether or not the tactics used by Pankhursts group was crucial in the fight for the right to vote, this investigation will use these sources to look into public opinions. The reactions and outlooks on the WSPU from the press, government, and the general public will all be considered. Also, I will examine the three stages of the WSPU; before violent militant tactics were used, during, and after. Part B: Summary of Evidence Their slogan was: Deeds, not words! The groups militancy first took non-violent forms from giving speeches, petitions, rallies, newsletters, etc. The actions turned extreme; chaining themselves to park railings, breaking shop windows, setting mailboxes on fire, digging up golf courses, burning down railway stations and churches.  [1]   Each time they took part in a violent protest, arrests occurred. The British government hoped that this would stop them from protesting again.  [2]   On May 12, 1905, a bill for womens suffrage was denied and the Union began a rowdy protest outside the Parliament building, which police tried to force away. Pankhurst considered this event to be a successful demonstration of how militancy can capture attention.  [3]  Pankhurst said, We are at last recognized as a political party  [4]   The WSPU had a bad relationship with the Liberal party. They protested against candidates that were a part of the ruling government because they refused to pass it, which forced them into a conflict with the Liberal Party.  [5]  WSPU was often blamed for spoiling elections for the candidates. Pankhurst was once attacked by Liberal supporters who blamed her for ruining their chances against the Conservatives. They beat members and threw rocks and rotten eggs.  [6]   In 1909, the members vowed to go on hunger strikes whenever they were imprisoned.  [7]  However, the Government counteracted this with force feeding.  [8]  The National Union of Womens Suffrage Societies led by Millicent Fawcett were disappointed that these publicity stunts were the chief obstacles in the way of success of the suffrage movement in the House of Commons.  [9]   Snippets from an article in the Morning Post: The Suffragette newspaper must be put a stop to. Proceedings would be taken immediately against any person who made a speech in encouragement of the unions course of conduct. They called the WSPU a danger to the civilized community and a vast amount of public inconvenience to the public. They disapproved of The Suffragette newspaper because it was a danger to society since it contained articles approving and praising those who fortunately had been detected by the police in the act of committing crimes.  [10]   The Independent Labour Party organized a committee for women suffrage and formed a Conciliation Bill so the WSPU suspended their actions, but this truce was ended when it was obvious the bill would not pass when the Prime Minister, Lloyd George wrote to The Times demanding the rejection of the Conciliation Bill, to demonstrate the folly of militant tactics,  [11]  The Bill was lost by fourteen votes and the WSPU accused Lloyd George of having organized the defeat. The Judge insisted upon a verdict of guilty saying If I had observed any contrition or disavowal of the acts you have committed, or any hope that you would avoid repetition of them in future, I should have been very much prevailed upon.  [12]   In 1912, WSPU came up with arson as another militant tactic and used it for the next two years. Pankhursts approval of property damage led many to leave the Union.  [13]   In the Daily Mail, they referred to the WSPU in a derogatory term suffragette, which they used to their advantage by coining their own unique name. When World War I came around, the women realized it was no time for protests and focused on supporting the British against the German. They joined in the war effort working as nurses, building up mother and infant clinics, restaurants, workrooms for unemployed, urged women to aid industrial production, etc.  [14]  In 1918, the British Parliament gave the vote to British women age 30 or over.  [15]   Word Count: 597 Part C: Evaluation of Sources I thought it would be fitting to use parts of Emmeline Pankhursts autobiography from the internet called My Own Story. It was published in 1914 in the midst of all the controversy the WSPU was being put under the spotlight for. Her purpose for the autobiography was so that the public would hear about the women suffrage cause through her own words and not the newspapers, who often criticized the suffragettes. Since this source is written from the leader of the WSPU herself, the value in it is that it is the best form of primary source available. First-hand accounts of situations and events are available through this autobiography. My Own Story also provides Pankhursts take on the militant tactics her group used in order to get their message across. This however, can as well be a limitation. This source only provides Pankhursts opinions and not the opinions of the Government and politicians, which I need in order to assess whether or not the Unions tactics were crucial in achieving wom en suffrage. Obviously Pankhurst will be in favor of anything the WSPU does, so I mainly just need this source to clarify what really happened in the years of 1903 to 1914. The Life of Emmeline Pankhurst is another primary source written from another perspective. The author is Emmelines daughter, Sylvia E. Pankhurst, who was involved with the WSPU until 1914. Her purpose was to inform the public of her mothers life from the perspective of someone who personally knew her. There is value in the fact that Sylvia is Emmelines daughter and that she was actually a part of the suffragettes. She was there in the actual events, so we know that her statements are accurate or close to what really happened. However, this book is limited because of Sylvias bias towards her mother. The book is written to praise her mothers actions. Word Count: 314 Part D: Analysis Does violence ever resolve anything? The Womens Social and Political Union sure believed so. Their slogan Deeds, not words!  [16]  highlights their actions over the years of 1903 to 1914. As their tactics turned extreme, WSPU headlines became frequent in the British news.  [17]  The members of the WSPU felt that violence was the only way they could obtain suffrage and some historians believe that it is what successfully won them the vote, but I believe that it actually slowed down the process. It is important to understand that it is not because of the violent militant tactics her suffragettes, which was a derogatory term coined by the Daily Mail  [18]  , used that won women the vote, but rather what they did after they chose to end the violence. The violence was only successful in one way, in that it brought about much publicity. Newspapers provided the public with reports of events and the suffragettes were pleased that their cause was becoming open to the public. Their first highly publicized event was on May 12, 1905, when a bill for womens suffrage was denied and the WSPU decided to protest outside the Parliament building, ending in a battle with the police. Pankhurst felt that this was a successful demonstration on how militancy can capture attention  [19]  and even expressed in her autobiography My Own Story that this helped them to become recognized as a political party.  [20]  They however received a lot of backlash for their actions. An article in the Morning Post talked about how a politician felt that the WSPUs newspaper, the Suffragette, must end because it is a danger to society since it contained articles approving and praising those who fortunately had been detected by the police in the act of committi ng crimes.  [21]  The fact that a politician would publically express his harsh thoughts on the WSPU shows that his feelings were general throughout the Parliament. As the WSPU became increasingly militant, they formed unfriendly relationships with the Government. I think that instead of opening up the politicians eyes on supporting their cause, it just made them more annoyed and intransigent. One example was their relationship with the Liberal Party. Since the WSPU only focused on suffrage for women, they quickly opposed parties that did not make it their priority including the ruling government.  [22]  Pankhurst recalls in her autobiography being blamed for spoiling elections for the Liberal candidates against the Conservatives and being beaten and thrown rocks at.  [23]  Another example of how much the Government detested Pankhursts Union was the situation with the Conciliation Bill. Emmeline Pankhursts daughter, Sylvia E. Pankhurst, recalls what happened in her novel; the Independent Labour Party wanted to call truce with the WSPU by forming a committee for women suffrage if the suffragettes suspended their actions.  [24]  Howeve r, the Prime Minister Lloyd George issued a statement to The Times demanding the rejection of the Conciliation by voting with the Members of Parliament.  [25]  When the Bill was lost by fourteen points, it went to Court with Lloyd George accused of having organized the defeat by persuading Members to vote against it.  [26]  The Judge dismissed the case probably because the Government had more power than the women had and because the Judge knew that the members of the WSPU were lawbreakers who were looked upon as undeserving in the politics world. Suffragettes were continually arrested at their violent protests as the Government hope that they would stop protesting.  [27]  They decided to create a stir with hunger strikes in an attempt to force the Government to give into their demands, rather than see them starve to death.  [28]  The Government stayed persistent and force fed the women with straps and tubes. By this point, the public was growing irritated with the group as even Millicent Fawcett, leader of the National Union of Womens Suffrage Societies and once a supporter of the WSPU, became disappointed with these publicity stunts that she claimed were hindrances to the suffrage movement.  [29]  Even their own members became fed up with the Union when in 1912, they came up with arson as another militant tactic setting fire to political buildings and theaters.  [30]  Several did not approve of this and left the Union. The more they tried to cause a stir, seems like the more the public grew weary of their cau se. The arrests in the press were repetitive and for years nothing really progressed, showing that even though the country knew about their cause, less people began to care. The male politicians persisted in not allowing women suffrage probably because they felt that if women behaved like criminals, then they should not be given the same rights as voters. The more extreme they got, the more they alienated people to support their cause. Even though their actions attracted lots of publicity, violence left towns unsafe and ended up giving them the opposite of what they intended, which was the public disapproving of the women suffrage cause. Opponents of womens suffrage in Parliament referred to the violent tactics in debates on why women suffrage should not be granted.  [31]  The Parliament and WSPU had reached a stalemate; the more violence the suffragettes used, the more unwilling Parliament was, and the more Parliament was obstinate, the more violent the suffragettes became. When World War I started, the suffragettes decided to suspend their activities since the violence of the war would render the womens militancy as weak and they realized they should exert their energy onto supporting their country so they joined in the war effort by working as nurses and building clinics and workrooms for unemployed.  [32]  Their hard work gained them a new reputation with the public. It wasnt until 1918 at the end of the war that the Parliament granted the vote to women 30 years of age or older.  [33]   Word Count: 748 Part E: Conclusion The fact that women did not get the right to vote until 4 years after the war started and the suffragettes suspended their militant actions shows that it was their war efforts that aided them and not their violence. I believe that violent militant tactics were not necessary in order to gain womens suffrage. The tactics helped them positively in their early years, but once arson and bombing started to take place, antagonism against them aroused. There is no doubt that it gained them great publicity and allowed their cause to be heard around England, but their actions worked against them as they became more violent through the years. I think, even quite possibly, the Womens Social and Political Union was unnecessary because there were several other peaceful groups out there. The 1918 Act was passed as recompense to the women for their war efforts, not because the Parliament finally listened to the angry cries of the suffragettes. Word Count: 158 Part F: Sources Macdonald, Fiona, You wouldnt want to be a Suffragist! UK: The Salariya Book Company Ltd, 2008. Mitchell, David, The Fighting Pankhursts. New York: The Macmillan Company, 1967. Pankhurst, Emmeline, My Own Story. New York: Hearst International Library, 1914, pp. 4-9, 270-283. Pankhurst, Sylvia E., The Life of Emmeline Pankhurst. New York: Karus Reprint Co., 1969. Bomb at St. Pauls, unsuccessful attempt to wreck chancel, supposed suffragist outrage, Morning Post, 8 May 1913.

The United Kingdom Essays -- England Economy Politics History Essays

The United Kingdom   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   London is the capital of the United Kingdom. It ranks as one of the world?s most historic cities, tracing its roots back nearly 2000 years. London has long been a great world port and trading center. The port of London consists of two huge docks and 43 miles of wharves along the Thames River. London also has a remarkable transportation system. Expressways, and underground and surface railways carry more than one million commuters between the outlying areas and central London each workday. More than 350,000 commuters travel by subway, about 400,000 take surface trains and more than 100,000 go by bus. About 100,000 people drive their cars to work. The London subway system (the ?tube?), is the largest subway system in the world. It includes over 100 miles of underground rail lines. London?s famous double decker busses are an excellent source of transportation within the central section of the city.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The United Kingdom has an area of 244,111 square km and a population of 57,591,677. It?s population density is 241 people per square kilometer. 89% of the United Kingdom?s population is urban. The United Kingdom has a large portion of flat rolling relief, making it ideal for the 11% of the population that is involved in farming. The UK has about 240,000 farms, which average about 175 acres in size. 25% of the UK?s land is arable and the chief agricultural products are wheat, barley, potatoes, sugar beets, livestock and dairy products. The United Kingdom?s currency is the British pound, which is equivalent to 2.45 Canadian dollars.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The United Kingdom is a member of the European Community. All members of this community are engaged in forming a single market for their economic resources. Forming one market, without artificial barriers to trade and investment, the member nations are able to increase their economic efficiency and raise their citizens? standards of living. The members of the community are Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Portugal, Spain and the United Kingdom. In 1993, the member nations of the European Community formed the European Union. The union consists of three components. One is the European Community. The others are a common Foreign and security policy and Justice and Home Affairs (this involves cooperation on such issues as crime and imm... ...on, more than the combined shares of France, Germany, Italy and the Netherlands. ?All that we expect as a major company is here in the UK.?- Michael Morgan, President and CEO, Starpak inc. When analyzing the various aspects of the United Kingdom, it becomes evident that the UK has many significant advantages over other countries and holds the traits necessary for future expansion. A politically stable and extremely well organized system of government, great relationships and trading arrangements with other nations, tax breaks awarded to new companies and an abundance of skilled workers, are all among the UK?s benefits. The UK is also self-sufficient energy-wise and has a remarkable transportation system. Investing in the UK may be one of the smartest things you have ever done. It is one of the most sound and secure investments available. The best combination of benefits that offer pro-business conditions, work-force cost efficiency and flexibility, minimum risk, and maximum botto m line return are readily available in the UK. ?Britain draws more foreign investment in new factories, research centers and other business operations than any other country in Europe.? The New York Times

Pink Floyd Biography :: essays research papers

Pink Floyd may have been a revolutionary band from the late sixties to today, but you truly can not appreciate the band until you know of its members. First off is, David Gilmour. He was born on March sixth, nineteen forty-six. He has eight kids, four with a past wife, Ginger, and three with his current wife, Charlie (Charlie had a kid from a previous marriage). David was raised by easy going parents, and was given his own guitar at thirteen. As a young teenager he was brought to the U.S. because of his father's job. He started playing at military bases in a band named Jokers Wild, and working odd jobs including modeling. In his spare time he enjoys flying and collecting vintage aircrafts. Next is Nicholas Mason the band's drummer. Born on January twenty-seventh, nineteen forty-four, Nick has three kids with his wife, Annette. He was born to a rich family and from childhood accompanied his father to car shows. Nick attended the Frensham Heights boarding school at which he is still remembered as a mischief maker. Today he races and collects cars such as Ferraris, Bugattis, and Macerates. Another important player in this awesome band was Richard Wright. Born on July twenty-eighth, nineteen forty-five, and has three kids: Gala, Jamie, and Benjamin. Met Nick and Roger at he Regent Street Poly. He enjoys taking his sixty-five foot yacht out when he is presented the opportunity. The second most important person in the band was George Waters or Roger As he preferred. Born on September sixth, nineteen forty-three. Roger has two kids and has recently divorced for the third time. Roger's farther was killed in the war and he never had a chance to know him. He tried the navy and quit soon after joining. The single most important person that truly got the band persona started was Roger "Syd" Barrett. Born on January sixth, nineteen forty-six. Barrett had an above average childhood with supportive parents with a fair amount of money. He was a good student with a lot of friends. His parents encouraged his music with providing the supplies necessary for it. Syd was the founder of Pink Floyd and gave the band its own personality. Since the sixties the band had pushed their music to the limit, mixing pop, classical, and rock they had a ground breaking formula to success. Most fans know of only the hits that the band had in seventies, and of none of the controversy and pit falls the band suffered throughout their career.